Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

Income Taxes

v3.10.0.1
Income Taxes
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Income Taxes  
Income Taxes

(11)  Income Taxes

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted the Tax Act. The Tax Act made broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code, including, but not limited to, (1) reducing the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent; (2) bonus depreciation that allows for full expensing of qualified property; (3) creating a new limitation on deductible interest expense; (4) eliminating the corporate alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) and changing how existing AMT credits can be realized; (5) changing rules related to uses and limitations of net operating loss carryforwards created in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017; (6) limitations on the deductibility of certain executive compensation; and (7) requiring a one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries that is payable over eight years. The SEC issued guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act. The Company reflected the income tax effects of those aspects of the Tax Act for which the accounting was known as of December 31, 2017 and made immaterial revisions to such amounts during the allowed one year measurement period. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has completed its analysis of the tax effects of the Tax Act.

Income tax benefit (expense) consists of:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Years ended December 31,

 

 

    

2018

    

2017

    

2016

 

 

 

amounts in millions

 

Current:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Federal

 

$

(14)

 

38

 

(39)

 

State and local

 

 

13

 

(30)

 

(29)

 

Foreign

 

 

(8)

 

(9)

 

 —

 

 

 

 

(9)

 

(1)

 

(68)

 

Deferred:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Federal

 

 

(228)

 

578

 

(388)

 

State and local

 

 

(2)

 

(21)

 

(39)

 

Foreign

 

 

63

 

507

 

 

 

 

 

(167)

 

1,064

 

(427)

 

Income tax benefit (expense)

 

$

(176)

 

1,063

 

(495)

 

Income tax benefit (expense) differs from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 35% for both of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 as a result of the following:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Years ended December 31,

 

 

    

2018

    

2017

    

2016

 

 

 

amounts in millions

 

Computed expected tax benefit (expense)

 

$

(219)

 

(289)

 

(497)

 

State and local income taxes, net of federal income taxes

 

 

18

 

(37)

 

(46)

 

Foreign income taxes, net of federal income taxes

 

 

22

 

88

 

 —

 

Dividends received deductions

 

 

(2)

 

38

 

11

 

Taxable dividends not recognized for book purposes

 

 

(25)

 

(45)

 

(11)

 

Federal tax credits

 

 

30

 

22

 

67

 

Change in valuation allowance affecting tax expense

 

 

(62)

 

212

 

(1)

 

Change in tax rate due to Tax Act

 

 

(8)

 

929

 

 —

 

Settlements with tax authorities

 

 

43

 

253

 

 —

 

Deductible stock-based compensation

 

 

38

 

40

 

 1

 

Income tax reserves

 

 

 —

 

(22)

 

 —

 

Non-deductible / Non-taxable interest

 

 

 —

 

(60)

 

 —

 

Write-off of tax attributes

 

 

 —

 

(42)

 

 —

 

Other, net

 

 

(11)

 

(24)

 

(19)

 

Income tax benefit (expense)

 

$

(176)

 

1,063

 

(495)

 

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the significant reconciling items, as noted in the table above, are deductible stock-based compensation, benefits related to federal tax credits and the resolution of historical matters with various tax authorities, partially offset by changes in the valuation allowance and taxable dividends not recognized for book purposes.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the significant reconciling items, as noted in the table above, are a net tax benefit for the effect of the changes in the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% on deferred taxes, a net tax benefit for the resolution of historical matters with various tax authorities and a net tax benefit for the effects of a new U.K. tax law that changed the Company’s judgment with respect to the future realization of U.K. tax losses.

For the year ended December 31, 2016 the significant reconciling item, as noted in the table above, is state income taxes offset with federal income tax credits claimed by SIRIUS XM related to research and development activities.

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities are presented below:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

    

2018

    

2017

 

 

 

amounts in millions

 

Deferred tax assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tax loss and credit carryforwards

 

$

1,355

 

1,017

 

Accrued stock compensation

 

 

97

 

88

 

Other accrued liabilities

 

 

 —

 

175

 

Deferred revenue

 

 

514

 

502

 

Discount on debt

 

 

 —

 

26

 

Other future deductible amounts

 

 

22

 

22

 

Deferred tax assets

 

 

1,988

 

1,830

 

Valuation allowance

 

 

(174)

 

(112)

 

Net deferred tax assets

 

 

1,814

 

1,718

 

Deferred tax liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Investments

 

 

26

 

110

 

Fixed assets

 

 

359

 

326

 

Intangible assets

 

 

2,690

 

2,760

 

Discount on debt

 

 

76

 

 —

 

Other future taxable amounts

 

 

314

 

 —

 

Deferred tax liabilities

 

 

3,465

 

3,196

 

Net deferred tax liabilities

 

$

1,651

 

1,478

 

SIRIUS XM’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are included in the amounts above although SIRIUS XM’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are not offset with Liberty’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as SIRIUS XM is not included in the consolidated group tax return of Liberty. Liberty’s acquisition of a controlling interest in SIRIUS XM’s outstanding common stock during January 2013 did not cause a change in control under Section 382 of the Code.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, there was a $62 million increase in the Company’s valuation allowance that affected tax expense.

At December 31, 2018, the Company had a deferred tax asset of $1,355 million for federal, state and foreign net operating losses (“NOLs”), interest expense carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. Of this amount, $952 million is recorded at the SIRIUS XM level. If not utilized to reduce income tax liabilities at SIRIUS XM in future periods, these loss carryforwards and tax credits will expire on various dates through 2038. The Company has $243 million of foreign NOLS that may be carried forward indefinitely and $4 million of foreign NOLs that will expire on various dates starting in 2035. In addition, the Company has $153 million of loss and credit carryforwards with no expiration. The remaining $3 million of carryforwards expire at certain future dates. These carryforwards are expected to be utilized in future periods, except for $174 million of tax loss and credit carryforwards which, based on current projections, may expire unused in the future and are subject to a valuation allowance.

A reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

    

2018

    

2017

 

2016

 

 

 

amounts in millions

 

Balance at beginning of year

 

$

365

 

304

 

254

 

Reductions for tax positions of prior years

 

 

(27)

    

(1)

    

(1)

 

Increase in tax positions for current year

 

 

15

 

16

 

51

 

Increase in tax positions from prior years

 

 

65

 

37

 

 —

 

Settlements with tax authorities

 

 

(31)

 

(423)

 

 —

 

Increase in tax positions from acquisition

 

 

 —

 

432

 

 —

 

Balance at end of year

 

$

387

 

365

 

304

 

As of December 31, 2018, the Company had recorded tax reserves of $387 million related to unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions. If such tax benefits were to be recognized for financial statement purposes, approximately $257 million dollars would be reflected in the Company’s tax expense and affect its effective tax rate. We do not currently anticipate that our existing reserves related to uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2018 will significantly increase or decrease during the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2019; however, various events could cause our current expectations to change in the future. The Company’s estimate of its unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions requires a high degree of judgment.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s tax years prior to 2015 are closed for federal income tax purposes, and the IRS has completed its examination of the Company’s 2015 and 2016 tax years. The Company’s tax loss carryforwards from its 2014 tax year are still subject to adjustment. The Company’s 2017 and 2018 tax years are being examined currently as part of the IRS’s Compliance Assurance Process program. Various states are currently examining the Company’s prior years state income tax returns. SIRIUS XM, which does not consolidate with Liberty for income tax purposes, has certain state income tax audits pending. We do not expect the ultimate disposition of these audits to have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company had less than $1 million dollars in accrued interest and penalties recorded related to uncertain tax positions.